Computers have been used for language teaching and learning ever since 1960s. By 1970s computers had become small enough to be used in classrooms, right from primary to university level education and even in pre-school programs.
Computer accelerated instruction (CAI) either present data in a straight forward manner or fill in the role of a tutor in which the student is tested on his ability to understand meanings. If it is a tutorial program then the student types in an answer to a question asked by the computer to get an immediate response. If the answer is correct then the student is guided to the next level that is more thought-provoking. In case the answer is wrong the computer displays messages that indicate where the student was wrong. Till the time the student gains mastery in that particular field the computer bypasses more complicated questions.
Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) originated from CAI. It is a symbiotic relationship between technology and pedagogy (the principles and methods of instruction). Computer assisted language learning lays strong emphasis on self-learning and has two features: interactive and individualized learning.
Most CALL programs generally take into consideration the theories of imparting knowledge or skill and second language learning theories. Over the last forty years computer assisted learning programs have seen three different stages of development: behaviorist, communicative and integrative: that correspond to available level of technology and learning theories.
CALL takes into consideration the development of all the four skills, listening, speaking, reading and writing, required for learning a second language. Considering the current level of technology, most significant gains are achieved in reading and listening because computers cannot properly assess writing skills. However, development of speaking skills, even with present limitations of technology, is being given the attention it deserves but still a lot has to be achieved. The use of computer mediated communication provides controlled interactive speaking practice outside the classroom. Its use in CALL has led to small improvements in ability to engage in meaningful conversation in the target language.
Generally, CALL improves command over basic skills in language classrooms. It is more of a student-centered learning and the active processing improves self-concept, which leads to better confidence in one’s ability to learn.
Despite great advancement in technology, CALL has still not been able to replace classroom teaching. Whether you are learning a language in a traditional classroom or through a web based class, there is always personal attention paid to you. The online teacher also allows interaction through various modes of communication to enable resolutions of problems that you might face and comment upon your creative thinking.
On the other hand, CALL is basically a tool and not a method. At its best it can supplement face-to-face teaching but cannot replace it. It does not eliminate the need of a teacher. Instead of direct involvement in the student’s construction of the language, the teacher’s role is more of a guide. The teacher sets up what students have to do and helps them complete the tasks assigned to them.
Students also need to make adjustments and take a fresh look at what they will be getting from their participation in the class. Language learning requires assimilation of new information through interaction and collaboration with the teacher. Also, they find it difficult to interpret new information and experiences on their own.
The biggest limitation is technology: its availability, its ability and cost. Computers are still not able to provide true human-like interaction for speaking practice. Even teachers who may benefit from CALL have to spend a lot of time and effort to implement it. Students and teachers alike are often lured by high priced computing systems. Simply expecting results by getting high priced software is more likely to lead to disappointment.
CALL may be in a CDROM format or Internet based. Although a lot depends upon the design and objective of a program, web based formats include a huge amount of interactive component. Unless a program is designed specifically as self-study software, CALL is not meant to replace classroom language instruction.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar